A LESSON FROM THE MAIN TOXIC DISASTERS IN THE 20th CENTURY

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环境毒理学与环境监测

环境毒理学近年来得到了较快的发展，它为制定环境卫生标准、评价环境质量、采取防治对策提供了科学依据。文章论述了环境毒理学的特点、主要研究内容；评述了当前环境监测中的某些局限性，以及环境毒理学在环境监测各个领域中的应用和进展情况。     

气态氨对吊兰生长的毒理学影响

探讨气态氨染毒对吊兰生长的毒性作用,将生长状况相似的吊兰置于氨浓度为0.1mg/m^3、0.2mg/m^3、0.3mg/m^3、0.4mg/m^3的密闭容器中,以空气作为对照,测定叶片的叶绿素含量变化、叶绿素a/b比值变化、丙二醛含量变化、可溶性糖含量变化、脯氨酸含量变化以及叶片对有毒气体的形态学反应。结果表明,经处理的吊兰叶片外观损伤明显,叶绿素含量随气体浓度的增加而减小,叶绿素a/b比值减小,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量随气体浓度的升高而升高,脯氨酸含量随着气体浓度的增加而积累,气态氨对吊兰的毒理学影响明显。     

Rapid and sensitive headspace gas chromatographic method for cyanide determination in whole blood

We reported a simple and rapid headspace (HS) gas chromatographic (GC) assay for the determination of cyanide in human whole blood obtained from both cadaveric and intoxicated subjects. The poison was extracted from whole blood samples by HS technique after 10 min incubation at 80°C with a HCl (1N) acidic solution supplemented with 30 g L^?1 of sodium chloride and 10 mg L^?1 of isopropanol as internal standard. A SGE WAX capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm ID × 0.5 µm df) was used. The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) was set at 250°C. The detection and the quantification limits were 0.02 and 0.2 mg L^?1, respectively. In the within-day study, the coefficients of variation for three different whole blood cyanide concentrations varied between 3.2 and 6.5%, whereas those in the day-to-day study varied between 4.8 and 6.3%. The assay was performed in less than 20 min per sample, which appears to be suitable for emergency toxicological tasks involved in diagnosis of cyanide poisoning.     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响，受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别，包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示，腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性，并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷，这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触，使毒性降低；2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出，而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

农药暴露的机制模型：蜜蜂毒理学的重要缺失

杀虫剂在最近的蜜蜂数量减少中所扮演的角色是有争议的，部分原因是实地研究常常无法检测到实验室研究所预测的效果。这种不一致性突出了蜜蜂毒理学研究领域的一个关键空白：对蜜蜂在它们的环境中杀虫剂暴露的模式和过程知之甚少。本文作者提出蜜蜂暴露杀虫剂的2个关键过程：1)工蜂采集花蜜的过程中收集农药；2)工蜂带回的农药在蜂巢中的再分配。工蜂收集农药的过程必须被理解为环境污染和蜜蜂觅食活动之间的时空交集。这意味着农药暴露是分配的，而不是离散的，觅食工蜂的一个子集可能会获得有害剂量的农药，而群体暴露将会显得安全。蜂箱中农药的分布是一个复杂的过程，主要是由群体成员之间食物转移的相互作用而产生，而这一过程中花粉和花蜜之间有重要的区别。因此应该优先将关于蜜蜂生物学的大量文献用于发展更严谨的蜂蜜农药暴露机制模型。与效应机制模型结合，暴露机制模型具有整合蜜蜂毒理学领域的潜力，以促进风险评估和基础研究。
精选自Sponsler, D. B. and Johnson, R. M. (2017), Mechanistic modeling of pesticide exposure: The missing keystone of honey bee toxicology. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 871–881. doi: 10.1002/etc.3661
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3661/full
     

Effects of sublethal application of Deepwater Horizon oil to bird eggs on embryonic heart and metabolic rate

Following large crude oil spills, oil from feathers of brooding birds and oiled nesting material can transfer to eggs, resulting in reduced embryonic viability for heavily oiled eggs. Eggs may also be subjected to trace or light oiling, but functional teratogenic effects from sublethal crude oil exposure have not been examined. We assessed whether sublethal application of weathered Deepwater Horizon crude oil to the eggshell surface alters heart rate and metabolic rate in Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) embryos. We first determined sublethal applications with a dosing experiment. Embryo viability for eggs exposed to 5 μL or more of crude oil decreased significantly. We conducted a second experiment to measure heart rate and metabolic rate (CO₂ production) 5 and 9 d after 1 sublethal application of crude oil to eggshells on day 3 of incubation. One application of 1.0 or 2.5 µL of crude oil reduced embryonic heart rate and metabolic rate on day 12 of incubation. Using unfertilized eggs, we measured the transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the eggshell surface to egg contents 9 d after a single application of sublethal crude oil. Our results suggest avian eggs externally exposed to small amounts of crude oil may exhibit protracted embryonic development and impaired postnatal cardiac performance.     

微囊藻毒素-LR对罗非鱼鳃组织活性氧自由基含量及相关抗氧化酶活性的影响

应用腹腔注射的方式,研究了微囊藻毒素MC-LR对罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）鳃组织活性氧自由基含量（ROS）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。结果表明：在MC-LR的胁迫下,罗非鱼鳃组织产生了大量的ROS,并引起了SOD和CAT 2种抗氧化酶活性的变化。SOD和CAT在清除过量的ROS时表现出的动态变化过程不同,SOD的变化曲线是多阶段的,而CAT则表现为先诱导后恢复的趋势。SOD和CAT在变化趋势上有所不同,但均表现为明显的时间与效应的正相关关系和剂量与效应的正相关关系。这也为将鳃组织中SOD和CAT作为抗氧化生物标志物来监测微囊藻毒素对罗非鱼胁迫作用提供了一定的参考。试验为研究微囊藻毒素对罗非鱼的生态毒理学作用提供相应的资料,并为罗非鱼质量安全问题的研究打下一定的基础。     

一种通用型水基消泡剂的毒理学安全性研究

为了探讨一种通用型水基消泡剂DREWPLUS 5350 EP的毒理学安全性,以昆明系小鼠为研究对象,依据毒理学中国试验标准,通过小鼠急性毒性试验、蓄积毒性试验、骨髓微核试验、亚急性毒性试验方法,研究了其对小鼠的毒性,并对其进行了评价.结果表明:急性毒性试验小鼠经口LD50>24414mg·kg-(1bw),属实际无毒级;蓄积毒性试验、小鼠微核试验为阴性;在高剂量大于等于5375mg·kg-(1bw)的试验条件下,亚急性毒性试验小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶与对照组相比差异极显著,肝脏系数差异极显著;其它检测指标均未观察到有毒理学意义的异常变化;小鼠经口摄入DREWPLUS 5350 EP消泡剂小于等于2688mg·kg-(1bw)是安全的.在使用过程中对环境不会造成二次污染.